Canada

	Ottawa
	35 540 419 (2014)
	9 984 670 km² 3 855 101 mi²
	5 959 m 19 551 ft Mount Logan

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest unfortified border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Americas
Northern America

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas
strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route
approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border
Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water
Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Mount Logan
5 959 m
19 551 ft

Atlantic Ocean
0 m
0 ft

Mount Logan	Mount Everest

iron ore
nickel
zinc
copper
gold
lead
rare earth elements
molybdenum
potash
diamonds
silver
fish
timber
wildlife
coal
petroleum
natural gas
hydropower

Continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

The vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests
ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

9 984 670 km²
3 855 101 mi²


9 093 507 km² 3 511 021 mi²	891 163 km² 344 080 mi²


33.04 %	22.4 %	98.08 %	40.41 %	55.97 %	129.81 %	71.32 %	1.96 %

8893 km
5526 mi

US 8893 km/5526 mi

202 080 km/125 567 mi

38.10 %

5.05 %

7.18 %

wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables
dairy products
fish
forest products

transportation equipment
chemicals
processed and unprocessed minerals
food products
wood and paper products
fish products
petroleum
natural gas

35 540 419	+1.08%	50.4 %	49.6 %
	0-14 16.0 %	15-64 68.3 %	65+ 15.7 %
	3.56 / km² 9.22 / mi²	81.65% 29 018 752	18% 6 521 667
	$L\'espérance de vie$ 79.33 yrs	$L\'espérance de vie$ 83.58 Années	$L\'espérance de vie$ 81.47 Années


3.2 %	0.8 %	4.79 %	6.72 %	9.17 %	94.24 %		0.48 %

English (official) 58.7%
French (official) 22%
Punjabi 1.4%
Italian 1.3%
Spanish 1.3%
German 1.3%
Cantonese 1.2%
Tagalog 1.2%
Arabic 1.1%
Other 10.5%

Catholic 40.6% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%; Orthodox 1.6%; other Catholic .2%)
Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%; Anglican 5%; Baptist 1.9%; Lutheran 1.5%; Pentecostal 1.5%; Presbyterian 1.4%; other Protestant 2.9%)
Other Christian 6.3%
Muslim 3.2%
Hindu 1.5%
Sikh 1.4%
Buddhist 1.1%
Jewish 1%
Other 0.6%
None 23.9%

Canadian 32.2%
English 19.8%
French 15.5%
Scottish 14.4%
Irish 13.8%
German 9.8%
Italian 4.5%
Chinese 4.5%
North American Indian 4.2%
Other 50.9%

Canada

Canada

Canadá

Canada

カナダ

A parliamentary democracy, a federation, and a constitutional monarchy

The country name is derived from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement

Bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve a maximum of 4-year terms)

Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol	"O Canada"	Maple leaf, beaver National colors: red, white
$Chef de l\'etat$	$L\'indépendance$ 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies) 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster) Canada Day, 1 July (1867)	ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Ottawa 45 25 N, 75 42 W UTC-5 Toronto 5.993 million Montreal 3.981 million Vancouver 2.485 million Calgary 1.337 million OTTAWA 1.326 million Edmonton 1.272 million

10 provinces and 3 territories*
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

1,467 (2013)

Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver

2.7
beds/1,000 population (2010)

2.07
physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada finally abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

18 years of age
universal

Canadian Forces
Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canada Command (homeland security) (2011)

As a high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US, its principal trading partner. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with the US, which absorbs about three-fourths of Canadian merchandise exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. Buffeted by the global economic crisis, the economy dropped into a sharp recession in the final months of 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks, however, emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the early intervention by the Bank of Canada and the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada achieved marginal growth in 2010-14 and plans to balance the budget by 2015 despite the recent drop in oil prices. In addition, the country's petroleum sector is rapidly expanding, because Alberta's oil sands significantly boosted Canada's proven oil reserves. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Saudi Arabia and Venezuela and is the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s fifth-largest oil producer.

1 565 812 780 384.6
$USD

44 057.2
$USD

+2.44
%


machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods	US 54.5% China 11.5% Mexico 5.6%	motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum	US 76.8%
		$L\'inflation$
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar 1.1047 (2014 est.)		1.9% (2014 est.)

1 042 300 km 647 655 mi	77 932 km 48 425 mi	$Les voies d\'eau$ 636 km 395 mi (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States)
48 per 100 people country code - 1 submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe	82.98 / 100	87.12 / 100 .ca

2 public TV broadcasting networks each with a large number of network affiliates
several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates
overall, about 150 TV stations
multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations
mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north
roughly 2,000 licensed radio stations (2008)